在英语学习中,“afraid”是一个高频且多功能的词汇,但许多学习者对其具体用法和细微差异仍存在疑惑。本文将从定义、发音、核心用法到实际场景中的使用技巧,全面解析这一词汇,帮助读者掌握其正确使用方式。
一、什么是“afraid”?
“afraid”是形容词,意为“害怕的”“担心的”或“恐怕的”。它只能用作表语形容词,即通常出现在系动词(如be, feel, seem)之后,而不能直接修饰名词。例如:
She is afraid of snakes.(她害怕蛇。)
They felt afraid during the storm.(暴风雨中他们感到害怕。)
发音与词源
英式音标:/əˈfreɪd/;美式音标:/əˈfred/。
词源可追溯至古英语中的“æfrede”,意为“恐惧”。
二、核心用法详解

“afraid”的常见结构包括以下几种,需注意不同搭配的语义差异:
1. be afraid of + 名词/动名词
表示“害怕某人/某物”或“担心某种结果发生”:
He is afraid of failure.(他害怕失败。)
She closed the door quietly, afraid of waking the baby.(她轻轻关门,怕吵醒婴儿。)
> 注意:若强调“因害怕而不敢做某事”,也可用“be afraid to do”结构,如:He was afraid to ask questions.(他不敢提问。)
2. be afraid to do sth
明确表示“因恐惧而不敢行动”:
The child was afraid to jump into the pool.(孩子不敢跳进泳池。)
Don’t be afraid to speak up in meetings.(开会时别怕发言。)
3. be afraid (that)…
用于委婉表达担忧、拒绝或坏消息,相当于“I’m sorry, but…”:
I’m afraid (that) I can’t attend the party.(恐怕我不能参加聚会了。)
I’m afraid you’re wrong.(恐怕你错了。)
4. be afraid for…

表示“为某人/某事担心”:
They were afraid for their son’s safety.(他们为儿子的安全担心。)
5. 口语中的简略回答
A: Will it rain tomorrow?(明天会下雨吗?)
B: I’m afraid so.(恐怕是的。)
A: Can I borrow your car?(我能借你的车吗?)
B: I’m afraid not.(恐怕不行。)
三、常见混淆与错误
1. afraid of doing vs. afraid to do
语义差异:
afraid of doing:担心某种结果(可能无意中导致)。
She was afraid of hurting his feelings.(她怕伤了他的感情。)
afraid to do:因害怕而不敢主动做某事。
She was afraid to tell him the truth.(她不敢告诉他真相。)
2. 修饰语的使用
错误:用“very”直接修饰afraid,如“very afraid”。
正确:用“very much”或“much”,如He is very much afraid of losing his job.(他很怕失业。)
3. 避免作定语

错误:an afraid man(×)
正确:a frightened man(√)
四、同义词与反义词
同义词
Scared(口语化,如:I’m scared of heights.)
Frightened(强调突发恐惧,如:She was frightened by the noise.)
Apprehensive(对未知的担忧,如:He felt apprehensive about the interview.)
反义词
Brave(勇敢的,如:a brave soldier)
Unafraid(不害怕的,如:She was unafraid of challenges.)
五、实用建议与例句
1. 日常交流技巧
委婉拒绝:用“I’m afraid…”代替直接否定,如:I’m afraid I can’t help you today.
表达同理心:I’m afraid I know how you feel.(我理解你的感受。)
2. 双语例句精选

担心后果:
He was afraid of making mistakes.(他担心犯错。)
She was afraid to take risks.(她不敢冒险。)
场景应用:
Don’t be afraid to ask for help.(别害怕求助。)
I’m afraid we’re out of stock.(抱歉,我们没货了。)
六、总结
“afraid”的灵活用法使其成为英语中不可或缺的情感表达词汇。掌握其核心结构(如of doing与to do的区别)、避免常见错误(如修饰语误用),并善用同义词替换,能显著提升语言表达的准确性与丰富性。建议通过模仿例句、结合语境练习,逐步培养自然使用这一词汇的能力。
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